Skin and Coat
Manganese, Iron
and Zinc
• Development of a longer, fuller coat
• Epidermal (skin) cell maintenance through cell division,
protein synthesis and antioxidant activity to remove
superoxide radicals
• Facilitates wound healing
• Helps avoid or reduce nutritional anemia
Joint and Skeleton
Manganese - Chondroitin sulfate synthesis, key to formulation, maintenance
and repair of joint cartilage
• Bone matrix development and maintenance
Zinc - • Cell division and protein synthesis for skeletal growth and repair
Immune Response
Copper, Manganese, Zinc and Iron - • Humoral immunity; antibody titers in response to vaccination
• Cell-mediated immunity
• Non-specific immunity
• Antioxidant activity to remove free radicals and protect cell
membranes
Paw Pad Condition
Manganese - • Antioxidant activity to protect cell membranes
Zinc and Copper - • Cell division to support paw pad growth and repair
• Paw pad protein synthesis; collagen, keratins, cell envelope
proteins and intercellular cementing substance
Claw and Nail Integrity
Zinc, Manganese and Copper - • Tissue keratinization for claw and nail integrity
Reproduction
Iron and Copper - • Reproductive hormone synthesis: steroidogenesis
• Helps avoid nutritional anemia
Manganese - • Male libido
• Fetal skeletal development
Zinc - • Reproductive tract tissue integrity
• Conception rates
• Sperm maturation and quality
Energy
Zinc, Manganese, Copper and Iron - • Improved health leaves more energy for activities
• Wellbeing enhanced, as health problems are minimized or
reduced in severity